Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Policies and ethics In a solar photovoltaic module, a number of individual solar cells are electrically connected to increase their power output.
Just as in the case for solar cells, the performance of modules is characterized by the power Pmax and efficiency η measured at Standard Test Conditions (STC = 1000 W/m 2, AM1.5, 25 °C). On a module level, we can distinguish between total - area efficiency ηtot and aperture - area efficiency 1 ηapa.
In general, strings of multiple solar PV modules are connected to an inverter, which converts direct current generated by the module to alternating current (i.e. a DC/AC converter—see Chap. 12).
Thin-film solar modules, irrespective of what technology, are in general characterized by a higher number of cells connected in series, and by smaller cell active areas. They are, thus, characterized by higher voltages and lower currents.
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Learn the basics of how photovoltaic (PV) technology works with these resources from the DOE Solar Energy Technologies Office.
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